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Wednesday, April 16, 2008

Speaking Japanese as a Non-Japanese person

For this site, and for my own studying, I write a lot of example sentences. They help me to make the new grammar point or the new expression my own.

I also make a lot of mistakes, and I welcome corrections. Many times, I'll show a co-worker my example, and they will say "意味わかります: I know what you mean." When that happens, I know my grammar is messed up, and I ask them to tell me how they would say what I was trying to say. I learn a lot that way.

However, I also receive a lot of corrections from the Japanese people around me, not about the way I said something, but about the content of what I'm saying. Look at my example sentence for my 2級 Grammar Post, Point 15:

Ex: 彼と結婚しているかぎりは、寝ると彼のいびきを聞く。
As long as I've been married to him, I've been listening to his snores.

This example sentence was unacceptable to a substitute teacher I work with. When I pressed her about WHY this was no good, all she could tell me was "Japanese people would not say something like this."

We went back and forth over the use of かぎり、debated changing the primary clause to 現在進行形 to make the translation a better fit, but no matter what, she didn't think it was okay. Finally, I had to ask her, "Is the GRAMMAR okay? Is this a legitimate application of かぎり?"

She said yes, but it still wasn't natural, because it wasn't something that a Japanese person would say. In this case maybe she's right; maybe there are more natural ways to communicate the same idea. But it's not the first time that the only criticism of my statement has been: "Japanese people don't talk like that" or worse, "Japanese people don't talk about that." I take a philosophical issue with this.

My general goal in learning Japanese is not to become a Japanese person. It's to learn to express whatever I want to express in grammatically appropriate Japanese. You follow the difference, right?

This is an extreme example, but even if you translate it into Japanese, the average Japanese person would not say "I think you're wrong and that your way of thinking reflects either stupidity or willfull ignorance." I can't imagine your 日本一般人 saying something so directly confrontational. However, if I'm having a conversation with a middle-aged man who's telling me, very loudly, that America is a dangerous country and he would rather that his children avoid learning English, so that they grow up Japanese, instead of learning to shoot guns, do drugs, and fornicate, then that is EXACTLY what I want to say. I want to know how to say it.

Today, when I wrote my example for 気味, I extrapolated from my book's example, 風邪気味: a slight cold, and created 日焼け気味: a mild sun-tan. I created it according to the rules in my grammar book, but when I tested it out on the nearest native speaker, I received half-an-hour of "Well, something's not right," before finally being told, "文法的に合っていますが、聞いたことがありません." (In terms of the grammar, it's fine... I've just never heard it put that way before.)

I tend to think that, unless you start learning from the time you're a small child, you will never be able to speak any language exactly like a native speaker. So why try? After all, native speech is not just a matter of mastering the grammar, but it's a matter of being a part of the culture as well. People from different cultures don't communicate in the same ways and the kinds of things we say in English aren't necessarily the kind of things that are said in Japanese.
(For the opposite example, imagine an American or Canadian or Englishman rubbing your corduroy pants or your shaved head and shouting "It feels GOOOD!" 気持ちいい!)

On top of that, who determines what a Japanese person might or might not say? There are things a woman might say that a man wouldn't. There are things that young people might say, that my ANCIENT substitute teacher co-worker has never even heard of. Languages change. Things that you would not have said become things that you say. I don't recommend placing the proverbial keys to the kingdom in my gaijin hands and shouting "Redecorate as you see fit," but take a minute to think about the influence of foreign languages on Japanese. I wouldn't be surprised if a foreigner was the first to coin the now famous "KY."

You can't predict the situations for which you might need a word or expression that you've never used before. I don't know what's gonna happen to me. But the more you know about the way the language works, the better off you will be when those situations surprise. What if one day, I need to make an apologetic explanation to a Shiatsu-masseuse? I wonder if I can use 気味 to say that I had "a bit of an erection."

I guess, part of the guiding philosophy behind the Daily Yo-ji is to provide people with the tools they need to say the things that they want to say, when the need to say them arises. When you say something unexpected in bad Japanese, you're more likely to be dismissed as not knowing what you're saying. If you get your phrasing right, people have no choice but to consider your words.

That being said, let's work to make sure our example sentences are as clear and accurate as possible without compromising the essence of what we want to say.

2級 Grammar 31-35

Breaking free of the tyranny of the からs, The Daily Yo-Ji is proud to present...

31) ~かわりに
instead of

You can attach this to the dictionary form of a verb (エレベータを乗るかわりに、階段を上がろうよ!) or a noun if you insert の (焼肉のかわりに、サラダをたべようよ![Can you tell that I'm in a diet and exercise phase?]), and it's just that easy.

Ex. おぼれるかわりに、泳いだら?

32) ~気味
just a little bit (of a)...
feels/seems/is slightly...

気味、on it's own, means "the sensation" or "feeling," but when attached to either a noun or the stem of a -ます form verb, it becomes... "少し."

Ex 1. 日焼け気味で気持ちいいけど、日焼け過ぎたら痛くて皮がむけるよ。
Ex 2. 学校に到着するのに、1,2分遅れ気味でもダメですよ。


33) ~きり ・ ~きりだ
the last time (see further explanation below)

Verb た形 + きり = the last time someone did that verb. Got it? It's difficult to explain in English, but easy to use. 「六ヶ月前にお母さんに電話したきりだ : Six months ago was the last time I called my mother.」 The past tense is inherent in the verb you're modifying, so you can stick with just だ、or です to end it, or keep going from きり as long as the next clause doesn't counteract the idea that the same action hasn't been repeated since.

Ex. 21歳の時、も3年前ぐらい、女とやったきり、恋人がぜんぜんできない。

34) ~きる ・ ~きれる ・ ~きれない
completely...
all the way through...
to the end...

This is similar to しまう, except that it is only used when something is done completely (I believe you completely), or entirely (I read that book entirely). しまう can be used to express something that was done regrettably. きる can not. Also, しまう is attached to a verb in the てform. きる is attached to the stem of a ます form.

Ex. 日本では、こんなに多く食べないのでこのアメリカのハンバーガを食べきれない。

35) ~くせに
despite...
and yet...
although...

Another form used to express a contradiction, and one that connotes a sense of dissatisfaction. My book example translates as 「Even though you know, you won't tell me anything? You jerk. : 知っているくせに、何も教えてくれないんですか?ひどいなあ。」

Ex. ダイエットすると言ったくせに、やっぱり毎日アメリカのハンバーガを食べています。

Tuesday, April 15, 2008

器用貧乏

きようびんぼう
kiyou binbou

This is one of the first Yo-ji-juku-go I ever learned, due to the fact that the individual 二字 compounds that it's made of are words that I heard a lot. 貧乏 (binbou) means 'poor; impoverished' and was mentioned again and again in conjunction with the bullying epidemic that was a huge conversational hub when I first got to Japan. Being called 貧乏 by your peers was one of the methods of psychological terrorism that was thought to have elevated the teen suicide rate.

器用(kiyou) is something that a lot of people called me in the early months. It can mean 'skillful' but is better thought of as 'deft' because it's almost always used to say "You're good with your hands."

Flashback conversation, late 2006:


Brett: What does 'kiyou' mean?
Me: It means like, 'skilled fingers.'
Brett: Oh. Do you know that because of your card tricks?
Me: Uh. Yeeeeeeah, that's why.
Brett: I [expletive] hate you so much.


All joking aside though, I used to show off some of my playing card flair and magic tricks at work enkais, and yes Brett, that is how I learned the word.

So when I heard the two together, "Poor person with good hands," I was like, "What's that?"

Definition:
器用であるがために、他人に利用されたり、かえってひとつのことに集中できずに損ばかりしていること。
Translation:
1. Jack of all trades, master of none.

Please note that the definition stresses more of a disadvantage (the being poor aspect, I suppose) in being this kind of person. While we think of "Jack of all trades," as a positive thing, the addition of "master of none," implies an absence of progress, and suggests that maybe this kind of person often finds him or herself mastered by another (used/employed by others, as one would a tool.)

It's been handy for me to know this one, as my last post will attest. I have a ton of interests and hobbies that I have devoted a moderate amount of time to, including my card-sharpery. When I first came to Japan, people asked me things like "Do you play pool," "Do you surf," "Do you play badminton," or "Do you rock climb?" And I said "Yes," because that's the truth. That answer got me in trouble though, because if someone asks you "Do you surf?" it's not because they think surfing is cool, surf sometimes on weekends, and think it would be fun to go together one day. If someone asks you if YOU surf, be careful, because odds are good that SURFING is that person's LIFE.

That's a big difference between Japanese and American cultures for me, and also the source of a bonus word today: 極める (kiwameru).  極める means "to master" something, to take something as far as you can possibly take it.* Many times, it's the way that Japanese people approach their hobbies. Whereas in America, it's not un-common for somebody to be an "outdoors person," or a "water sports person," or a "things requiring the use of a racquet person," in Japan, I think it's more common for someone to choose one very specific avenue of interest and pursue that avenue to perfection.

So when I found myself in situations where I was being ruthlessly schooled in 9-ball, and my new Japanese friend was saying "Oh, I thought you said you played pool," 器用貧乏 was a good one to know.




例文: 
俺のお兄ちゃんは今年、車の工場で仕事やっている。去年は家具の配達だった。でも、いつも,
上がる前に首になってしまう。ずっと器用貧乏な人間でいている。
My older brother is working at an automotive factory this year. Last year he was doing furniture delivery. But he usually gets canned before he can move up in the place. He can do pretty much anything, but he's always just been kind of a disposable grunt.



*極める is also a good word to know, because it's one of those words that Japanese people don't expect you to know unless you're really good at Japanese, so it scores you えらい points.

Monday, April 14, 2008

奇想天外

きそうてんがい
ki sou ten gai

I go through a lot of phases in Japan. Sometimes I'll get really into exercising and jogging. Sometimes I'll study like crazy for two weeks. Other times I'll play guitar, or cook, or write, or blog. Hell, check out the HUGE gaps in the time-line of this blog... when I wasn't dedicated to it, I was busy being dedicated to something else. It leaves me pretty consistently ALMOST in shape, with a variety of hobbies that I'm ALMOST good at.

The last few weeks, I've been in a reading phase, and I'm working on Neal Stephenson's Quicksilver. So far it's an amazing historical fiction epic, dealing with the lives of men like Newton, Hooke, Leibniz, and Wilkins. A scene that I read the other day prompted me to dust off 奇想天外。

Definition:
普通の人ではとても考え付かないような変わった思いつき。
Translation:
1: A brilliant idea
2: A bizarre idea
3: An idea generated by a highly unconventional way of thinking.

The scene in question involves an inquiry Newton makes into the abilities of the eye. After reading Boyle's theories and observations on colors, Newton realizes that all of these observations were based on the assumption that the eye was an objective seeing instrument. To test this assumed objectivity, he inserts a darning needle into the socket next to his eye, and records the changes in his vision that occur when he uses the needle to put pressure on and change the SHAPE OF HIS EYE. Brilliant? Yes. Would the average person EVER think of doing something like this? NO. That's 奇想天外.


Now just imagine those lines going through his eye...


例文:

A-san: 昨日、皆でプールで泳ぎながら、俺のバカ息子は突然に、プールから上がって、水着を外して、ちんちん出して、プールに小便した。
Yesterday, we were all swimming at the pool, when suddenly, my idiot son gets out, drops his bathing suit, pulls out his junk, and starts pissing right in the pool!
B-san: ええー?何で?
What? Why?
A-san: 水着をぬらしたくなかったって。
He said he didn't want to get his bathing suit wet!
B-san: 奇想天外だよ!
That's brilliant!

Special thanks to Things We Lost in The Fire, for providing the inspiration for today's example.

Friday, April 11, 2008

Jokes that Japanese People Might Not Get:

中途半端
ちゅうとはんぱ
chuu to han pa

Definition:
どっちつかずで、徹底しこと。やりかけで、物事が出来上がらないさま。
Translations:
1. Half-assed
2. Incomplete
3. Left undone

Have you seen the movie Jumper? If not, don't, but just to fill you in, it's basically about a guy who can transport himself anywhere he wants at any time.

We went to see it with our friend Taishi, who seems to like all movies, as long as they're action oriented and have cool special effects. It didn't bother him that the plot was contrived, and so many story-lines left unresolved with the obvious intention of paving the way for a wallet draining franchise. It was, in many ways, a movie that was 中途半端、in it's creation.

But, the thing about "Jumper" in Japanese, is that it's ジャンパ (janpa). Which led Brett to start thinking about rhymes.

To rhyme, in Japanese, is 韻をふむ (I need a kanji check on that fumu), but I don't know how much emphasis they put on rhyming in things like plays-on-words.

So Janpa, rhymes with 半端(hanpa), as in 中途半端. Just saying 半端 (as I learned from Brett, via Nirav) can mean half-assed, or at half-strength. It's often used with "ではない” to negate it, like when it's pouring rain, one can say 「半端じゃない」 to indicate that it's coming down heavy. Or when that kid punched me (see 言語道断), I said 「傷つけるつもりではなかったけど、半端ではなかった。」”

So then, Janpa and 半端 also rhyme with ナンパ (the widely used Japanese word that means "girl hunt," going out to pick up some ladies).

When we proposed a shorter film, entitled ジャンパ半端ナンパ (Janpa Hanpa Nanpa) to our friend Taishi, he was confused, and didn't really laugh, until we acted it out for him:

Janpa-san: おい。電話番後おしえてくれ。
Hey. Lemme get your number.
Ojou-san: あのー
Umm...
Janpa-san: 教えなくてもいいけど。。。
Well, you don't have to tell me it...
Ojou-san:  え。。。 ええー?
Uh... What?
Janpa-san: まー、どうでもいい。
That's cool.

Ojou-san:  何のこと?
What are you talking about?
Janpa-san: vanishes instantly
Chicks love it when you stare at them all creepy from around the corner first.

Thursday, April 10, 2008

四面楚歌

しめんそか
shimen so ka

When I first came to Saga, I sat near a substitute science teacher with whom I liked to eat lunch and talk English/Japanese (and no, this isn't a typo, I mean it in the same sense as "talk shop") He would also teach me little Japanese phrases, most of them born in a military vein, which actually interest me a lot more than most idioms since I've always been fascinated with the wartime aspects of Japanese history.

...which is kinda ironic seeing as this idiom is 100% Chinese in origin. Translating the phrase strictly by Japanese interpretations of the kanji will leave you only with a bit of a meaning and none of the history. 四面 is changed easily enough to "on all four sides", but it's the 楚(briar/thorn) and 歌(song) that'll trip you up. So the thorny song from all sides might imply that you're either in a pinch, or - per American folklore - you just escaped Brer Fox.

Definition:
周りを敵や反対者に囲まれて孤立し、助けのない状態のたとえ。孤立無援。
Translations:
1. To be completely surrounded by enemies on all sides, in a situation where no help will come.
2. To fight alone and isolated.

Chinese history lesson time! As a quick warning, this was meant to be short, but I got caught up in the research...

After the fall of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, the two major contenders for the throne were the Han - led by 劉邦(Liu Bang) - and the Chu - led by 項羽 (Xiang Yu). They fought for 4 years until 202 BC, when Lui Bang surrounded the remainder of Xiang Yu's forces in a canyon, which they had entered in order to rescue Xiang Yu's captured wife. By this point Lui Bang had already conquered a large part of Chu, Xiang Yu's homeland, and thus had many Chu troops in his ranks. He gave the order that all of his troops sing Chu songs, giving Xiang Yu's remaining soldiers the impression that the rest of their countrymen had already been conquered by - and even worse, subsequently joined - their enemies. It's important to note now that 楚 means "Chu" in Chinese, and thus it is "The Song of Chu on all sides".



Their spirits broken, most of Xiang Yu's troops fled on their own, and Xiang Yu's wife - blaming herself for having been the reason the army was caught in this trap - committed suicide. Xiang Yu was eventually able to break free with a tiny contingent of loyal warriors, but after countless misdirections, near escapes, and killing a few hundred men on his own (who refused to make mortal strikes, having been given the order to take him alive), he committed suicide.

例文: 言葉が分からない国に引越しすることは怖いところもあります。友達もいないで、簡単な表現することはできなくては真の孤独を感じられる。だが知らない人は敵じゃないだろう?それで「四面楚歌だ!」と言うな!その言葉を勉強して、仲間を会ったら、万事うまくいくよ!
Translation: Moving to a country where you don'tt speak the language can be scary. You don't have any friends, and your inability to express yourself in even simple terms can give you the feeling of being all alone. But the people you don't know aren't really your enemies, persae, so don't go shouting that everybody's against you. Just learn the language, make some friends, and it'll all be good.

2級 Grammar 26-30

If you find Japanese grammar confusing and hard to remember, you'll be pleased to see that today's post does wonders to help clear things up by introducing 5 new grammar points with very similar usages that ALL begin with から. That oughta take care of that.


26) ~からして
even (as in "not even")
on the most basic level...

This construction works well when you want to describe the extreme to degree to which someone does or does NOT do something. You add からして to a noun, and then a verb phrase. My book's example is "ひらがなからして読めない," which means "I can't even read Hiragana." The catch is that you could normally say this with only the particle も、right? So the use of からして necessitates a second clause, which takes the sentence from the basic level to a higher one. ひらがなからして読めない。だから、漢字はぜったいムリだ。

You can also use this without such a rigidly parallel follow-up, like in my example sentence:

Ex: 父はすしからして食べてみようともしない。日本に来ないと思います。

27) ~からすると ・ からすれば
according to
in terms of
judging from
from the point of view of

This one seems straightforward enough, but I'm getting bogged down in it. You attach it to a noun again, and then you have either a reason or an origin for a statement of opinion/judgement that you are about to make. My book gives
"According to the observed temperature, it's not supposed to be so hot, but because the humidity is high, it feels hot."
"By the look of the section chief's expression, I have no doubt that last month's business grade (sic) was not so good."
You can understand the bogging、and why I will model my example sentence CLOSELY after the final book example.

Ex: アメリカ人一般の考え方からすると、私の日本人の知り合いは「ゲイな友達や黒人の友達が欲しい!」と言っているのはしつれいに思われるかもしれない。

28) ~からといって
just because...
even though...
nevertheless

Used to make assertions of what you CAN'T do, just because of something else.
JUST because you're gorgeous, doesn't mean you don't have to pay to get into the club.
Even though you're tired, you can't just go home early.

This is used quite often with わけではない、とはいえない、限らない、and できない。

Ex 1: 給料が高いからといって、毎日外食するわけではない。
Ex 2: 彼女がいることからといって、彼女だけとデートするとは限らない。

29) ~からには ・ からは
now that
because of
since
so long as

This is highly similar in usage to dakara, or 以上・以上は。

Ex: 彼女がいるからには、もナンパするわけには行かない。(Hmm, quite the opposite of the previous example.)

30) ~から見ると ・ から見れば ・ から見て ・ から見ても
when you look at it like/from
when you consider

This looks really similar to point 27, right? The connotation here, I guess, due to the inclusion of 見る is more of a focus on "seeing" or "looking" in this specific expression.

Ex: あの選手ふたりの統計からみれば、かなりいい交換とおもわないか?